
Few western evangelicals realize that time (from a human perspective) is measured differently in the Bible than the way we measure it today. When the One who transcends time keeps time for man's sake, He does so according to the moon, not the sun. The Jewish calendar of Scripture was a
lunar calendar, whereas our modern calendar is a
solar calendar. The Jews measured months by the moon's rotation around the earth. Today, we measure time by the earth's rotation around the sun. Unless you have at least a modicum understanding of the biblical lunar calendar, it will be impossible for you to understand some wonderful truths of the Bible regarding the birth, death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus the Christ.
The Biblical Calendar and the MoonA calendar is a system of organizing units of time for the purpose of measuring time over extended periods. The word "calendar" is from the Latin and means,
“to call attention to the new moon.” The Biblical calendar, one followed by the Jews, revolved around eyeballing the moon as it rotated around the earth and keeping track of the seasons on earth. We know that the seasons are the result of the effects of the sun upon the earth--hot, cold and mild--but the Jews only measured "days" by the sun (sunset to sunset). Their months, prescribed by God, were counted off by eyeballing the moon.
The Biblical months began with the new moon, and there were "new moon festivals" to celebrate the dawning of a new month (I Chronicles 23:31). Since it takes 29 ½ days for the moon to complete her cycle around the earth the Biblical calendar consisted of 12 or 13 lunar months in a year, with the odd number months consisting of 30 days and the even number months consisting of 29 days. The years that have an additional month, the thirteenth month, are the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 in a nineteen-year cycle. Why are there some years with thirteen months in the Biblical calendar and others with twelve? Answer: The lunar year is shorter than the solar year by 11 days. If the Hebrews had not added a thirteenth month every few years, the winter season would eventually move on the calendar and occur in the summer months, and vice versa! Though this all may sound complicated, to the Jewish priests, it was as simple as waching the sky for a "new moon," knowing the agricultural seasons, and blowing their trumpets to mark the beginning of a new month.
The Jews also counted years from the very beginning of creation, a date set for them by their religious teachers. This beginning point, called
the Era of Creation, or
Era Mundi (abbreviated AM), corresponds to 3760 B.C. on our solar calendar. To this day, the Jewish government and all orthodox Jews continue to count years using the Era Mundi system. Therefore, our year, 2010, is considered the Hebrew year
5770 AM.
God told Moses to Alter the Lunar CalendarWhen God delivered His people Israel from Egyptian bondage, He told Moses to make the month in which the Passover occurred (Abib)
"the beginning of months" (Exodus 12:2). This one verse alone should indicate to you that God pays close attention to "the lunar calendar." Why? Every thing associated with His Son, our Savior Jesus Christ, is pictured in the Seven Feasts of Israel, and those Feasts (or Festivals) were celebrated at God prescribed times according to the lunar calendar. When God incarnated Himself and Jesus walked among men, His birth, His death, His resurrection, His ascension, and His gift of the Holy Spirit all occurred precisely the same time as the Feasts that foreshadowed Christ. The type (a Feast) was fulfilled in the anti-type (Jesus Christ). In other words, the God who transcends time, keeps time when it comes to Him who came
"in the fulness of time." History is His Story. But the calendar God keeps is a lunar one. Let me show you.
The Feasts of IsraelThe seven biblical Feasts or Festivals prescribed by God for the nation of Israel can be broken down into three major groupings.
(Grouping Number 1) --- The Three Springtime FestivalsThe Feast of Passover,
The Feast of Unleavened Bread,
The Feast of the Sheaf of Firstfruits.These three Feasts took place all within a few days of each other and occurred in the first month of the Biblical lunar (Abib), which corresponds to our March and April. These feasts were often lumped together as “Passover” or “The Feast of Unleavened Bread.”
“When I see the blood, I will pass over you and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt” (Exodus 12:13). The Hebrew phrase “Passover” is in the Greek “pascha” thus the Passover lamb is the Paschal lamb, and all that pertains to the lamb (without blemish, in the prime of its life, blood shed) pertains to the person and work of Jesus Christ, the Paschal Lamb of God. We know this to be true because of several events prophesied by the prophets regarding the Messiah’s death:
(1). Genesis 49:10 describes the precise age in which the Messiah would come.
(2). Daniel 9:26 describes the precise year in which the Messiah would die.
(3). Amos 8:9-10 describes the exact day on which the Messiah would die.
These three prophecies point us directly to the substitutionary death of Jesus Christ on behalf of sinners as our Paschal Lamb. Jesus died AT PASSOVER (the 14th day of Abib), fulfilling the type that was established by God centuries before. In other words, Jesus COULD NOT HAVE DIED AT ANY OTHER TIME. When people sought to kill Him earlier, He simply walked through them saying,
"My time has not yet come" (John 7:30).
But what did Jesus accomplish at Calvary? Answer: He swept away our sins as pictured in “The Feast of Unleavened Bread." The Feast of Unleavened Bread was observed for centuries the seven days after Passover. The Jews were to sweep out all leaven in their homes. This typifies all our sins being carried away by the Lamb of God.
But how do we know that God accepts us? Sin may be swept away by the Redeemer, but the taint of that sin still stains us. Answer: "The Sheaf of Firstfruits." God raised His Son from the grave on the day of the Feast of the Sheaf of Firstfruits,
"on the morrow after the Sabbath" (Lev. 23:9-14). The Jews were go to the Temple on that "morning after the Sabbath" during Passover and wave a "sheaf" of grain before the Lord (their "first fruits of harvest"), calling to God to accept the prosper and accept "the whole harvest" in the same manner He has blessed the "firstfruits." When Paul writes of the resurrection in I Corinthians 15:20 he calls Christ "the firstfruits" of the resurrection--pointing out that God accepts all those Christ represents. The death of Christ would have no meaning if it were not for the resurrection of Christ. God raised “His cursed son” (Galatians 3:13) from the dead as proof of His pleasure in His Son’s sacrifice! (Eph. 1:15-23). Those who trust in Christ will be raised to eternal life in the same manner.
(Grouping Number 2) --- The One Summer FestivalPentecost -- the Greek name for
"The Feast of Weeks"It is known by various other names including
“The Feast of Harvest” and most commonly as
“The Feast of Weeks.” A week in Scripture represents the number seven (either days or years). In the case of this feast it represents days. Seven weeks (49 days) from the
“Festival of the Sheaf of the Firstfruits” (on a Sunday) with Sunday being day one. When you get to the 49th day you arrive at a Saturday (The Jewish Sabbath). On the
“morrow after the sabbath” (Lev. 23:15-21) you arrive at “The Fiftieth Day” (thus the Greek “Pente” meaning 5) and like Resurrection Day (The Festival of the Sheaf of Firstfuits) you have a major Jewish Festival on Sunday.
The number 50 is used throughout Scripture to represent liberty, freedom or deliverance. Every 50th year was the year of Jubilee for the nation of Israel. When Christ died in 30 A.D. the people of Israel were celebrating a year of Jubilee; 50 days after Christ died the disciples were in the upper room when the Spirit of God fell and empowered them. This day of Pentecost is the anti-type of the Old Testament Pentecost -- 50 days after Passover.
Compare the differences between the Old Covenant Pentecost vs. New Testament Covenant Pentecost. On the 50th day after Passover and leaving Egypt, God gave Israel the law written on stone. On the 50th after the Passover of Christ’s death God gave His people the law written on their hearts. On the day of Pentecost in the Old Testament 3,000 people died (the law condemns), but on the day of Pentecost in the New Testament 3,000 people lived (the Spirit gives life). The glory of God shone on the face of Moses in the Old, but the glory of God lives in the hearts of His people in the New. The Old is the letter of the law, but the New is life in the Spirit.
The Passover harvest was barley and the Pentecost harvest was wheat. The Jews came to worship God with grateful hearts for His provision, but in their system of worship that God established, everything pointed to the coming of His Son.
(Grouping Number 3) --- The Three Fall FestivalsThe Feast of Trumpets, The Day of Atonement, and The Feast of Tabernacles. These three feasts took place within the seventh month of the lunar calendar (Ethanim or also called Tisri). This month corresponds to our September/October. It was this month in which the fruit harvest (mostly grapes) occurred.
These Fall festivals correspond to the coming of Christ--particularly His birth (
the Feast of Tabernacles), His High Priestly work in heaven on behalf of His people (
the Day of Atonement), and His Second Coming (
the Feast of Trumpets). Nobody knows the day or the hour in which Christ will come to establish His kingdom on earth for eternity, but if God follows the pattern He has established in designing the Festivals and the lunar months to glorify His Son, then the Feast of Trumpets points to the glorious coming of Christ, and it will occur on an unknown date, but within the lunar calendar time period of the celebration of the Feast of the Tabernacles. The preterist believes this "coming" has already occurred, and the age of grace (the New Covenant) commenced at the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD--thus ALL the Feasts of Israel have already received their eternal fulfillment in Christ.
I, like most evangelicals, disagree. I believe that the fulfillment of the Feast of Trumpets has not yet occurred. I also believe my dispensationalist friends err when they try to "pinpiont" the date of His coming. However, there is warrant to believe that the Son of God, who came during the Feast of Taberacles, died during the Feast of Passover, was buried in the tomb during the Feast of Unleavened Bread, rose on the day of the Feast of the Waving of the Sheaf, sent His Spirit as a gift on the Feast of Pentecost, petitions for us as our Great High Priest on the basis of His Atonement, will one day come during the lunar calendar celebration of the Feast of Trumpets.
In His Grace,
Wade